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HANOI PLANS A “THREE-DIMENSIONAL CITY”: DEVELOPING AN UNDERGROUND URBAN LAYER

Under Hanoi’s 100-year Capital development vision, underground space is planned as an interconnected urban structure closely integrated with the urban railway (Metro) network, helping reduce pressure on surface infrastructure. 1. Scientific Depth Zoning 0–15 m: Public-use facilities, including pedestrian walkways, parking areas, technical infrastructure, and Metro entrances. 15–30 m: Engineering infrastructure, including deep-level Metro lines,